Moving Abroad With a Dog: The Complete Process

Relocating overseas with a dog feels overwhelming because every country publishes its own rulebook, and the rules read like customs law because they essentially are. The good news: under the country-specific details sits one universal framework that almost every destination shares. Once you understand that backbone, the destination guides become a checklist rather than a maze. This overview walks you through the sequence, the timeline, how destinations differ, your flying and DIY-versus-shipper choices, a rough cost range, and a pre-move checklist, then points you to our country-specific guides.

Before you get into the country-specific detail, it helps to see the whole process in order, which we map in how to relocate a pet internationally.

Heading the other direction? See moving to the US with a pet for the inbound version of this journey.

Start early: why timing drives everything

The single most common mistake is starting too late. A straightforward move into a rabies-controlled country (most of Europe, Canada, and similar destinations) typically needs 2 to 7 months of lead time. Moves into rabies-free islands and territories that require a blood test plus a waiting period (Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Hawaii, and others) commonly run 6 to 10-plus months, because a mandatory waiting period after the blood draw cannot be shortened no matter how much you pay.

The reason is biological and bureaucratic at once. Certain steps must happen in a fixed order, and some have enforced waiting windows between them. Miss the order or the window, and you restart the clock. The USDA APHIS Pet Travel Process Overview recommends contacting a USDA-accredited veterinarian as soon as you decide to move, precisely so the calendar works in your favor.

The universal sequence almost every country shares

Whatever your destination, the core sequence rarely changes. The order matters more than almost anything else, because doing a step out of order can invalidate it.

ISO 15-digit microchip, implanted first. Your dog needs a microchip readable by a universal scanner, generally the ISO 11784/11785 15-digit standard. It must go in before the rabies vaccination, because every record after it links to that chip number.

Rabies vaccination, after the chip. A rabies shot given before the chip is implanted does not count. The European Commission is explicit that the vaccination date must not precede the microchip date, and a primary vaccination must be given at least 21 days before entry, with the dog at least 12 weeks old at vaccination.

Rabies titer (FAVN) blood test, where required. Some destinations require a rabies antibody titration test drawn at an approved lab after the vaccination, showing a neutralizing antibody level at or above 0.5 IU/ml. The EU requires this draw at least 30 days after vaccination for animals coming from certain non-listed countries.

Waiting period, where a titer applies. This is the schedule-killer. Rabies-free destinations often enforce a long wait (commonly around 180 days) between the blood draw and entry. The wait is fixed by regulation.

USDA-accredited vet health certificate, endorsed by USDA APHIS close to travel. Near your travel date, an accredited vet completes the destination's health certificate, which USDA APHIS then endorses (typically electronically or with a stamp). Endorsed certificates have short validity windows, often around 10 days to entry, so this is one of the last steps, not the first.

We cover the document itself in more depth in our guide to the pet health certificate for travel, and microchip basics in how much it costs to microchip a dog.

Typical step sequence and lead times

Treat the table below as a planning sketch, not a guarantee. The exact intervals depend entirely on your destination, and you should confirm every figure against the country's official requirements before booking anything.

Step | Order | Typical lead time before travel
ISO 15-digit microchip | 1st, before rabies | As early as possible
Rabies vaccination (after chip) | 2nd | At least 21 days before entry, within validity
Rabies titer / FAVN blood test (if required) | 3rd | Drawn 30+ days after vaccination
Mandatory waiting period (rabies-free destinations) | 4th | Often around 180 days after the draw
Import permit (some countries) | Varies | Weeks to months ahead
USDA-accredited vet health certificate | Near the end | Days before travel
USDA APHIS endorsement | Last | Within the certificate's short validity window

How destinations differ

The universal sequence flexes by region. Three broad patterns cover most moves.

European Union (harmonized rules). The EU uses a common framework and a standardized Animal Health Certificate for dogs arriving from outside the bloc. Non-EU pets cannot get an EU pet passport and travel on the certificate instead, per the EU rules on travelling with pets. A few members (Finland, Ireland, Malta, Norway, and Northern Ireland) also require a tapeworm treatment within a narrow 24 to 120-hour window before entry. Our guide to moving to Germany and guide to moving to France cover member-state specifics.

Rabies-free islands and territories. Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Hawaii, and the UK protect their rabies-free status with a titer test, long lead times, and in several cases mandatory quarantine. Australia and New Zealand commonly require a minimum quarantine stay on arrival, and Japan can impose up to 180 days of quarantine if its waiting-period rules are not met exactly. See our Australia guide, Japan guide, and UK guide.

Middle East and other permit-driven countries. Many destinations in the Middle East and elsewhere require an import permit applied for in advance, on top of the microchip, vaccination, and health certificate. Permit processing time becomes part of your critical path.

Moving somewhere closer to home is usually simpler. Our guide to moving to Canada covers a comparatively light-touch process, though documentation is still required.

Choosing how your dog flies

There are three broad ways a dog crosses an ocean, and your dog's size, the airline, and the route usually decide which is available.

In-cabin. Small dogs that fit in a carrier under the seat may fly in the cabin on some airlines and routes. Many long-haul international carriers restrict or prohibit it, so confirm before you assume it.

Checked baggage. Some airlines let a larger dog fly as accompanied checked baggage in the climate-controlled hold on the same flight as you, where the route and aircraft allow.

Manifest cargo. For larger dogs or routes that do not allow checked pets, the dog flies as manifest air cargo, often handled through a pet-shipping agent. This is the most common path for big dogs on long hauls.

One critical constraint: many airlines ban brachycephalic (flat-faced) breeds such as Bulldogs and Pugs from cargo entirely, because of their elevated breathing risk in the hold. If you have a flat-faced dog, check the airline's snub-nosed policy before anything else, since it can dictate your entire route or rule out flying altogether.

DIY or hire a pet relocation shipper?

You can manage a move yourself, especially into a rabies-controlled country with a forgiving route. DIY means you book the flight, schedule vet appointments, handle the USDA endorsement, and arrange the crate and arrival logistics. It is cheaper, but the paperwork burden and the consequences of a single misstep fall on you.

A professional pet relocation company, ideally a member of IPATA (the International Pet and Animal Transportation Association), coordinates the timeline, books the cargo space, manages documents and customs clearance, and troubleshoots. It costs more but removes the risk of a missed waiting period or a rejected certificate. Complex destinations (rabies-free islands, permit countries, or any move with quarantine) are where a shipper earns its fee. Our guide on how to choose a pet transport company walks through what to vet, and international pet shipping costs breaks down the numbers.

Crate acclimation and travel-day comfort

If your dog flies in the hold, it travels in an airline-compliant (often IATA-standard) crate. Buy it early and let your dog live with it for weeks before travel: feed meals inside, leave the door open, build positive associations, then gradually extend the time the door stays closed. A dog that already sees the crate as a safe den handles travel day far better than one meeting it for the first time at the airport. Label the crate clearly, attach feeding instructions, and freeze a small water dish so it melts slowly rather than spilling during loading.

Cost ballpark

Costs vary enormously, so treat any figure as a range to confirm. A simple in-cabin move with a small dog and minimal paperwork can land in the low hundreds of dollars. A large dog flying manifest cargo to a rabies-free island, with titer testing, an import permit, quarantine fees, and a full-service IPATA shipper, can run into several thousand dollars or more. The biggest drivers are dog size, distance, whether a titer and quarantine apply, and whether you DIY or hire help. Build a realistic budget early so the final invoice is not a surprise.

Pre-move checklist

Look up your destination's official import rules on the USDA APHIS Pet Travel country pages, and the destination government's own site.

Confirm your dog has an ISO 15-digit microchip implanted before any rabies shot.

Map the timeline backward from your move date, including any titer waiting period.

Find a USDA-accredited veterinarian and book the certificate appointment for close to travel.

Check the airline's pet policy and any brachycephalic breed ban for your route.

Apply for an import permit early if the destination requires one.

Decide DIY versus a professional shipper based on the destination's complexity.

Buy an airline-compliant crate and start acclimation weeks ahead.

If you may ever bring your dog back, review the CDC dog importation rules for re-entry to the US.

Re-entering the United States later

If your move might not be permanent, plan for the return now. The CDC sets its own rules for dogs entering or returning to the US, which currently include a readable microchip, a minimum age, and a completed CDC Dog Import Form, with extra documents for dogs coming from countries the CDC classifies as high-risk for rabies. Because these rules change, always confirm the current requirements on the CDC site before you travel back.

Where to go next

This overview gives you the framework. For the exact paperwork, fees, and waiting periods that apply to you, jump to your destination guide: United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, Japan, or Canada. Whichever you choose, start early and verify every requirement against the destination country's current official rules, because they do change.

Frequently asked questions

How early should I start planning to move abroad with my dog?

For rabies-controlled countries like most of Europe or Canada, plan on 2 to 7 months. For rabies-free destinations that require a titer test and waiting period, such as Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Hawaii, or the UK, plan on 6 to 10-plus months. Confirm your destination's exact timeline before booking.

What is the universal sequence of steps for most countries?

ISO 15-digit microchip first, then a rabies vaccination after the chip, then in some cases a rabies titer blood test with a waiting period, then a USDA-accredited vet health certificate endorsed by USDA APHIS close to travel. The order matters because steps done out of sequence can be invalidated.

Why must the microchip be implanted before the rabies vaccination?

The microchip links every later record to your specific dog, so a rabies shot given before the chip generally does not count. The EU and CDC both state the vaccination date must not precede the microchip date. Get the chip in first, then vaccinate.

What is a rabies titer test and which countries require it?

A titer (FAVN) is a blood test showing your dog's rabies antibody level is at or above 0.5 IU/ml. It is typically required by rabies-free destinations such as Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and the UK, often with a long waiting period after the blood draw. Check the destination's official rules.

How is moving to the EU different from a rabies-free island?

The EU uses a harmonized framework and a standardized Animal Health Certificate, with comparatively shorter lead times. Rabies-free islands like Australia and New Zealand add a titer test, long waiting periods, and often mandatory quarantine on arrival, so they take much longer to prepare for.

Should I fly my dog in-cabin, as checked baggage, or as cargo?

It depends on size, airline, and route. Small dogs may fly in-cabin on some carriers. Larger dogs often fly as checked baggage or manifest cargo. Many airlines ban brachycephalic (flat-faced) breeds from cargo, so check the snub-nosed policy first if that applies.

Should I do it myself or hire a pet relocation company?

DIY is cheaper and workable for simpler moves, but you carry all the paperwork risk. A professional shipper, ideally an IPATA member, coordinates timing, cargo booking, documents, and customs. Complex destinations with titers, permits, or quarantine are where a shipper is most worth it.

What do I need to bring my dog back into the United States?

The CDC currently requires a readable microchip, a minimum age, and a completed CDC Dog Import Form, with extra documents for dogs arriving from countries it classifies as high-risk for rabies. These rules change, so always confirm the current CDC requirements before your return trip.